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Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the 25th Governor of New York and the Democratic candidate for the U.S. Presidency in the disputed election of 1876, winning a popular vote majority, but ultimately being denied victory by the electoral college. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community and led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall. == Early life and career == Tilden was born in New Lebanon in New York. He was descended from Nathaniel Tilden, an early English settler who came to America in 1634. His father and other family members were the makers of Tilden's Extract, a popular patent medicine of the 1800s and early 1900s derived from cannabis.〔William Lee Richter, (Historical Dictionary of the Civil War and Reconstruction ), 2004, page 610〕〔The Pharmaceutical Era magazine, (Obituary, Samuel J. Tilden (nephew of New York Governor ), March 1914, page 117〕 He studied at Yale University,〔Yale University, (The Report of the President ), 1909, page 60〕 then studied law at New York University. He was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became a skilled corporate lawyer, with many railroads as clients in the shaky railroad boom decade of the 1850s. His legal practice,〔(Maynard v Tilden, 28 F1 688, August 28, 1886 )〕 combined with shrewd investments, made him rich. Tilden's success at money management and investing caused many of Tilden's friends, relatives and political allies, including Martin Van Buren, to allow Tilden to manage their finances.〔Morris Roy Jr., (Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 ), 2003〕 From 1843 to 1844, he served as New York City's Corporation Counsel.〔Roy Morris, Jr., (Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden and the Stolen Election of 1876 ), 2007, page 89〕 He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co.) in 1846, and a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846.〔Laurence Hutton, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, (Literary Notes ), Volume XCI, June to November 1895, page 163〕 In 1848, largely on account of his personal attachment to Martin Van Buren, he participated in the revolt of the "Barnburners" or Free-Soil faction of the New York Democrats, which nominated Van Buren for President and helped ensure the defeat of Democrat Lewis Cass and victory by Whig nominee Zachary Taylor.〔Jonathan Halperin Earle, (Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824–1854 ), 2004, pages 73–75〕 He was among the Barnburners who later returned to the Democratic Party rather than joining the anti-slavery Republican Party. In 1855, Tilden was the candidate of the Soft faction (Barnburners who favored compromise and reconciliation with the Democratic Party) for New York State Attorney General.〔Lloyd Robinson, (The Stolen Election: Hayes Versus Tilden—1876 ), 2001, page 85〕 In 1859 he was an unsuccessful candidate for New York City Corporation Counsel.〔New York State Historical Association, (The Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association ), 1981, page 354〕 In the years immediately preceding the American Civil War, Tilden favored a conciliatory approach to the slaveholding states and opposed going to war. Once the war started, Tilden supported the Union, but was critical of Abraham Lincoln's "strong executive" approach to the presidency. After the war, Tilden again favored conciliation and opposed the Radical Republican approach to Reconstruction. He was a delegate to the 1867 New York Constitutional Convention.〔New York Constitutional Convention, (Documents of the Convention ), Volume 1, Issues 1–39, 1867, page 2〕 Tilden became chairman of the Democratic State Committee after the Civil War. After initially having good relations with William M. Tweed and working closely together with him in the Democratic Party, Tilden came into conflict with the Tweed Ring of New York City over issues including bribery and corruption. In 1867 Tilden received an honorary LL.D. from New York University.〔New York University, (General Alumni Catalogue of New York University ), 1833–1905, 1906, page 170〕 Tilden led the reform movement in the Democratic Party, and played a key role in the Tweed Ring's demise. He was again a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 18th D.) in 1872, and took a leading part in the impeachment of Judge George G. Barnard. By analyzing the bank accounts of certain members of the Tweed Ring, he obtained legal proof of the principle on which the spoils had been divided.〔Weed, Parsons and Company, (Charges Against Justice George G. Barnard, and Testimony Thereunder, Before the Judiciary Committee of the Assembly ), 1872, page 2〕〔United States Senate Judiciary Committee, (Judicial Fitness ), Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Improvements in Judicial Machinery, 1966, page 78〕 In 1874 Tilden was the successful Democratic nominee for Governor, receiving 52 percent of the vote against incumbent Republican John Adams Dix and Prohibition Party nominee Myron H. Clark.〔New York Tribune, (The Tribune Almanac and Political Register ), 1875, page 52〕 As a reform-spirited Governor in 1875 and 1876, he turned his attention to a second set of plunderers, the "Canal Ring", made up of members of both parties who had been systematically robbing New York State by overcharging for maintenance and construction of the New York State Canal System. Tilden succeeded in breaking them up, and his successful service as Governor gained him the presidential nomination.〔Peter R. Eisenstadt, Laura-Eve Moss, (The Encyclopedia of New York State ), 2005, page 256〕 In 1875 he received an LL.D. from Yale University.〔Yale University, (Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Yale University 1701–1915 ), 1916, page 474〕 At the same time Yale conferred the LL.D., he was also enrolled as a graduate of Yale's Class of 1837 and received his Bachelor of Arts degree.〔John Bigelow, (The Life of Samuel J. Tilden ), Volume 1, 1895, page 273〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Samuel J. Tilden」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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